Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay Essay Example

Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay Paper In his celebrated Kana Preface to the Kokinshu, Ki no Tsurayuki, one of the editors of the compilation, presents the stylish worth and center elements of Japanese verse. As the seed that develops into a bloom, Japanese melodies, or waka, accept human heart and prosper as horde leaves of words. (Shirane 148) As the ace artist, Tsurayuki encourages his replacements to welcome the excellence of life, instead of getting it. One of the elements of waka, Tsurayuki attests, lies in reassuring the hearts of the withdrew and the living, as the excellence of the tune has the strange capacity to mollify even the upset spirits of wild warriors. In spite of the lexical miserliness of waka, the ace artists of antiquated Japan have regarded this inheritance and strived to present graceful magnificence even to the subject of death. In the Manyoshu and Kokinshu, leaving behind the friends and family is compared with secretive patterns of nature to intercede the passionate weight of misfortune. In any case, the poeticization of death in two collections differentiates in wonderful redemption just as in story structure, as the Manyoshu artist centers around the idyllic liberation of the protagonist’s feelings, while the Kokishu sonnet separately centers around the short life and void of life. The poeticization of death in Manyoshu is portrayed by the protagonist’s enthusiastic admission of kept yearning and failure to give up the left. Upon his wife’s demise, the ace artist Kakinomoto no Hitomaro makes the accompanying sonnet, â€Å"crying tears of blood in his grief.† After recalling his nostalgic sentiment with his significant other in the openning lines, Hitomaro sings, Like the sky-crossing sun sets at night We will compose a custom paper test on Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Manyoshu and Kokinshu Interpretive Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Like the light of the moon is darkened by the mists, My young lady, who like the profound ocean growth had dozed close to me, Had died like the fall leaves†¦ †¦and everything I could do was get out her name As I waved my sleeves. I looked for my young lady who has lost her direction In the thick yellow leaves of the harvest time slope Be that as it may, don't have a clue about the mountain way. (84-85) By pervading his wife’s â€Å"passing away† with the rich symbolisms of patterned nature, Hitomaro maintains a strategic distance from the unrefined declaration of death and raises their leaving behind polish and excellence. Never do words meaning demise, for example, shinu, show up in the first content or the interpretation of the sonnet. Like the sun, the moon, and the seasons, his significant other, who has now become a texture of nature, dies (sugite) from him. Ensuing lines with makurakotoba, catalpa jewel and catalpa bow, permit the perusers to additionally identify with and vicariously experience his feelings, intensifying the transport of sorrow. It is additionally imperative to take note of that juxtaposition of the misfortune and symbolisms of recurrent nature reflects Hitomaro’s trust in his better half to return, as sun rises again and the pre-winter restores each year. Later in his short sonnet, the spouse is portrayed as having â€Å"lost her way† in the mountain. In spite of the mountain representing the outlandish and unimaginable separation between the two sweethearts, Hitomaro still longs for her arrival accepting that he can bring her back if just he had known the mountain way (yamaji shirazu mo). However as he can't wander over the mountain into the taboo domain, he mourns that he can just get out her name and wave his sleeves (sode so furitsuru), a custom to bring the withdrew back to life. An obscure writer of Kokinshu likewise utilizes nature as a mode for poeticizing demise and passing on feelings of misfortune. After the Horikawa chancellor kicked the bucket and his remaining parts were entombed close to Mount Fukakusa, the artist makes in Heian style out of lexical miserliness, Sonnet #832 In the event that cherry trees in reality Have emotions, may those Of the fields of Fukakusa This year, in any event, Shround themselves in dark blooms. (162) Not at all like Hitomaro, the Kokinshu artist neither admits his waiting emotions nor seeks after the left to return. Be that as it may, through a straightforward symbolism of dark, grieving blooms, rather than an enthusiastic story, the artist richly passes on the weight of his despondency. The waka is nearly routed to the cherry blooms, as the last line finishes in volitional structure. Besides, the pith of the sonnet is typified in the word sumizome of the cherry blooms. As though to set them up for the internment, the writer conjures the cherry blooms to blossom in â€Å"dyed dark (sumizome ni sake).† The word additionally reminds the peruser the word sumu, which means â€Å"to live.† The prosopopoeia is additionally strengthened by the utilization of the word, kokoro. In spite of the fact that it is deciphered as â€Å"feelings† in the content, it might likewise be perused as â€Å"heart†or â€Å"soul.† The poet’s unimaginable interest f or the cherry blooms mirrors his regret, yet in addition educates the peruser regarding the brevity and void of life. As one can't smother the guaranteed excellence of the cherry blooms, one can never get away from the death of life. As Tsurayuki opined in his Kana Preface, the considerations and deeds of people are interminable. However there is a conclusion to every single man and lady and the antiquated Japanese writers kept on discovering magnificence in death through their heap leaves of words. In spite of the fact that the pre-winter leaves will definitely fall, the guaranteed fogs of spring will come and the reasonable slopes of Yoshino will be enhanced, by and by, with cherry blooms. Similarly, however the left will go over the â€Å"mountain path† and the living will be in â€Å"dyed black,† the tunes will live on until the cows come home, revealing insight into the Japanese heart of kokoro.

Federal Regulation of Sewage essays

Government Regulation of Sewage expositions Government Regulation of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Civil strong waste, MSW, is a term used to allude to a wide assortment of waste sources. By and large, strong waste alludes to all materials or substances disposed of or dismissed as being spent, pointless or in overabundance to the proprietors at the hour of such dispose of or dismissal. Squander incorporates yet isn't constrained to: trash; reject; mechanical and business squander; muck from air or water control offices; waste; cinders; contained vaporous material; incinerator buildup; destruction and development flotsam and jetsam; disposed of autos and offal. The Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, decides to characterize this term marginally distinctively relying upon the setting where it is being utilized. In the MSW Settlement Proposal, MSW is characterized as strong waste that is created basically by family units, yet that may incorporate some commitment of squanders from business, institutional and mechanical sources also. Solid waste is for the most part anything dispo sed of with a few explicit special cases. Most strong waste, when it goes to a landfill, goes to a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill, MSWLF. A city strong waste landfill is characterized by law as a discrete territory of land or an unearthing that gets family squander, and that isn't a land application unit, surface impoundment, infusion well, or waste heap. Family squander incorporates any strong waste, including trash, refuse, and septic tank squander, got from houses, condos, lodgings, inns, campsites, and excursion grounds. A MSWLF unit likewise may get different kinds of squanders as characterized under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, for example, business strong waste, non-unsafe muck, little amount generator squander and mechanical strong waste. Likewise permitted in metropolitan strong waste landfills are mechanical and business non-risky procedure squanders, development and destruction trash, civil muck, and horticultural squanders. Also, these lan... <!

Almost Famous

Almost Famous DID YOU KNOW? This Jesus Must Die from Superstar really sounds a lot like People Are Strange by The Doors. Hurry up, I think you only have until Mitra gets home to read this entry. So today the first issue of The Tech since the marathon, so of course they decided to cover it, focusing on both the overall winners and the performances of MIT runners. Now, they could have used this picture on the front page which depicts Kyle 08 and YiOu 07 looking beautiful together as they finish together with an unbelievably fast time. However, they instead chose to use this one and although its a bit unflattering, I still think its ultimately better for society that they put a picture with me in it on the front page of The Tech. Because, really, if youre going to run a marathon, youre probably going to look more like me than YiOu at the end of it. And you should know that. It also resulted in me getting this delightful e-mail from Dr. Jean-Francois Hamel, my 10.28 professor, who I secretly adore. Date: Fri, 21 Apr 2006 16:28:07 -0400 From: Dr. Hamel To: sm******@mit.edu Subject: Wunderbar! Hi Sam, I saw your photo on the paper today. It is great you did the marathon. -jfh I love teacher-student interaction! COMING SOON (maybe even this weekend!): a step-by-step recap of the marathon I ran, and a tour of Random Hall, where I dont live, and an entry that is actually not self-aggrandizing

Reasons Of Rwandan Genocide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1092 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Genocide Essay Did you like this example? The Rwandan Genocide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Rwandan Genocide took place in 1994. It was a sort of war, mainly between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes of Rwanda. There was also a third tribe, the Twa, but they did not have much of an effect on the war because they made up a very small part of the population, one even smaller than that of the Tutsi people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reasons Of Rwandan Genocide" essay for you Create order The Hutu were the majority in Rwanda, while the Tutsi were a small minority of the population. The Tutsi did not like the Hutu because in 1959 the Hutu forced around 300000 Tutsi to flee the country (Editors).   They had to move to Uganda, where they stayed for about 30 years. In 1990 however, they decided that they had had enough and they wanted to be back in their own country. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), led the invasion. The RPF consisted mostly of Tutsi refugees and their descendants. During these 30 years, hatred and anger were being built up inside the Tutsi that were forced to leave everything behind and migrate to strange lands they were not familiar with. This made them want to invade and take their lands back. Once they got to Rwanda, they were outnumbered and did not last very long (May). The Hutu then killed off most of the Tutsi that remained in Rwanda. The Rwandan Genocide was the result of racial discrimination imposed on by the Dutch, and by the the three tri bes in that region.   The primary cause of the Genocide was ethnic tension between the Tutsi, Twa, and Hutu tribes of Rwanda. One of the reasons for there being so much tension was that Rwanda had the highest population density in all of Africa, and was ranked highly in the world. When there is   high population density, people tend to be more annoyed with each other. This mainly affected the Hutu, who were the peasants (History). The higher class Tutsi were not as affected by this because they were rich and owned a lot of land. The Hutu on the other hand, were very distraught by this. At a certain point, they decided that they were done living like that under the Tutsi. This is when a rebellion broke out. The Hutu completely outnumbered the Tutsi and ultimately drove many of them out of the country, as many as 300,000. They were forced to seek refuge in Uganda. After 30 years of waiting, they came back to Rwanda to try and take it back as their own. The Tutsi were still greatly outnumbered and they end ed up taking the most casualties. The Rwandan Genocide was one of the bloodiest encounters in history. This was due to the astronomically high amount of deaths during such a short period of time. Around 800,000 people were murdered in a period of time as short as about 100 days (Rwandan Genocide: 100 Days of Slaughter.). Many Genocides have more deaths than this one, but they were throughout a more expansive period of time. If those other Genocides had gone on at the rate of the Rwandan Genocide, their deaths would have increased tenfold. The number of injured people was even greater than this, even impossible to calculate. Most of the victims were part of a group called the Tutsi, which were a minority in Rwanda at the time. They were murdered mostly by the Hutu tribe, which was the majority in east-central Africa. There were far too many of them, even though they were highly outclassed in just about every way possible by the Tutsi. In this situation, clearly quantity was more advantageous than quality. The sheer number advantage allowed the Hutu to obliterate the Tutsi. The Tutsi stood no chance and lost most of their people, and there was nothing they could about it. The majority of the forces that stopped the Genocide were from other countries. Since it looked like the Hutu was not going to stop hunting and murdering the Tutsi, outsiders had to step in to stop the madness. First of all, the French sent a couple thousand of their own troops to help out the Tutsi. They did this mainly because the Tutsi were their allies, and they know that they had a responsibility to aid them in this time when they were most needed. If they wanted to remain allied to the Tutsi they had to defend them. Even though the French did not do much, they definitely contributed to the ending of this tragic period of time. The French only actually fought in an area called the Humanitarian Zone. This zone was in the south-western part of Rwanda. French soldiers were able to save tens of thousands of Tutsi lives (Leila). The United Nations also sent about 5,000 troops once word had spread about the Genocide. It was voted by the security council that they should intervene to s top the fighting. They were not able to save any lives, however, because once they got there the Genocide had ended. Since Rwanda is such a small country, it took time for word to get out about what had been happening, which is why it took so long for other countries to respond. The only reason the French knew about it earlier was because they were allied with the Tutsi, so they were one of the first to be informed. If it had not been for the French, the casualties may have even risen to close to a million.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the genocide in Rwanda was the result of discrimination between the three tribes that inhabited that area. The Rwandan Genocide ended up being one of the bloodiest genocides in history with over 800,000 casualties, and countless victims who were injured. This all happened within the short span of 100 days, which is what is incredible about this Genocide. It was primarily caused by ethnic tensions between the three tribes of that area, the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The tribes did not like each other, as one was basically enslaved to the other. The country was also very densely populated, which made it even more annoying for the people that lived there, and made it easier for them to get more agitated. The main forces that stopped the genocide were from other countries, but mainly the French. They were able to save tens of thousands of Tutsi lives. The United Nations also tried to intervene, but they were a few months too late (Editors). This gen ocide is a great example of what countries should not do if they want to keep peaceful and as happy as possible, for as long as possible.

Genetic Engineering And Its Benefits - 1930 Words

Marlon Aguilar Mrs. Kline Period 7 4 April 2017 Title Despite the occasional risks and challenges that may arise in the process, genetic engineering provides more benefits that far outweigh the harms. Genetic engineering, and genetics in general, is a subject unfamiliar to the general public because not only has it not had much exposure to people outside of the scientific world, but it is also extremely complex and still has several applications yet to be found. In short, genetic engineering is the modification of an organism s characteristics or traits through manipulation, or replacement, of their genetic material for practical purposes. â€Å"Recombinant DNA results when scientists combine nucleotide sequences (pieces of DNA) from two†¦show more content†¦Depending on what the trait is determines whether the trait will be expressed or not when alleles are inherited. For most diseases, having a dominant allele means that the individual does not express the symptoms for the disease. More specifically if the individual has tw o dominant alleles (homozygous dominant), he/she will not inherit any part of the disease and will have no trace in their DNA. However, if the individual inherits one dominant and one recessive allele for the disease (heterozygous), he/she will be a carrier for the disease. This means that the individual has a trace of the disease in their DNA that can be passed on to their offspring, but he/she will not express the symptoms of the disease. Lastly, if the individual inherits two recessive alleles for the disease (homozygous recessive), he/she will express the symptoms of the disease and have a higher chance of it being passed on to their offspring. The patterns and chances for inheritance of these diseases vary widely because they are based upon whether the two mates are either homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive for whichever specific trait. Gene therapy is beginning to be used by scientists and researchers to cure a multitude of current worldwide diseases and pandemics. Take Malaria for example, â€Å"Over one million people die from malaria each year, mostly children under five years of age, with 90 per cent of malaria cases occurring in Sub-SaharanShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Genetic Engineering711 Words   |  3 PagesShould genetic engineering be allowed? â€Å"With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of DNA, and improve the human race.† - Stephen Hawking. Genetic engineering is the genetic modification of an organism’s phenotype, also known as an organism’s genetic makeup. Genetic engineering can have its advantages and disadvantages, but I believe there are more advantages than disadvantages. There are a number of benefits that we can only discover if scientists consider to study andRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering1115 Words   |  5 Pageswill be talking about genetic engineering. What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the process of directly manipulating an organism’s genes or DNA in order to change its characteristics. Over the years, genetic engineering and modification has been trialled on many different things, (CHANGE SLIDE) including food such as creating seedless grapes, CHANGE SLIDE and animals such as dolly the sheep, the first cloned animal in the world. However, genetic engineering, especially on humans hasRead MoreThe Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1001 Words   |  5 Pagesdonors, chemolithoautotrophy. It is by this that the authors claim that the potential for this organism to be used for the large-scale industrial production of biofuels and other useful chemicals remains largely untapped. The employment of genetic engineering to augment the autotrophic hosts productivity pathways offers hope for improved and increased productivity. Other techniques entail the transfer of the processes to heterotrophic organisms. Autotrophic production is said to be more efficientRead MoreBenefits Of Genetic Engineering909 Words   |  4 PagesResearch suggests that genetic engineering will be a vital tool in the fight against mosquito-borne diseases because current drug therapies are becoming less effective and genetic engineering approaches to mosquito management have shown promising results. c. Preview of main points i. Malaria in particular has become more of a threat as the parasite causing the disease develops resistance to the most common drugs used to treat it. ii. Scientists have been successful at engineering several species of mosquitoesRead MoreThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesreceiving a grim diagnosis. There are many aspects of genetic engineering and to thoroughly understand it looking into each is absolutely necessary. In order to understand genetic engineering, the key terms in this controversy that must be defined are the following: recombinant DNA technology, cloning, gene therapy, and the humane genome project. Genetic engineering is the alteration of genetic material by direct intervention in the genetic processes with the purpose of producing new substancesRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1721 Words   |  7 PagesGenetic engineering is a recent development that has gained tremendous commercial appeal. The potential benefits of genetic engineering have captivated the general public and clouded their moral values. The ultimate goal of genetic engineering is to create a utopian society where problems such as disease and world hunger no longer exist. Genetically engineering humans to be ideal beings may eventually lead to the creation of a â€Å"super race.† A super race is a race of strong, healthy, and highly intelligentRead MoreThe Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pages The engineering of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is entirely new, yet genetics, as a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in living organisms. Unfortunately, some people are trying to stop further studies in genetics, but the research being conducted today will serve to better mankindRead More The Benefits of Genetic Engineering Essay2511 Words   |  11 PagesThesis statement: The benefits of genetic engineering far outweigh its potential for misuse. II. Genetic Engineering A. Definition of Genetic Engineering. (#6) B. Who invented Genetic Engineering Gregor Mendel (Christopher Lampton #7) Thomas Hunt Morgan (Christopher Lampton #7) III. Benefits of Genetic Engineering A. Genetic Screening (Laurence E. Karp #4) B. Gene Therapy (Renato Dulbecco #6) C. Cloning D. Genetic Surgery (Christopher Lampton #7) E. Benefits in Agriculture (DavidRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering1914 Words   |  8 Pagesa controversial issue is new ways to produce human clones. Cloning and genetic engineering and has been used to clone unicellular organisms, plants, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to advances in industry, medicine and agriculture. Newer techniques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect of cloning humans has raised many practicalRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Genetic Engineering2181 Words   |  9 Pagesapplication of new techniques in genetic engineering to produce human clones. Up until now genetic engineering and cloning has been used to clone plants, unicellular organisms, amphibians and simple mammals. This has led to significant advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Newer techni ques in genetic engineering have enabled scientists to clone more complex mammals and opened up the possibility of cloning humans. Although there are many potential benefits to this technology, the prospect

Aq for Conformity Free Essays

Young people of my country conform and deviate, but in varying degrees. This is expressed by Suematsu in paragraph 3 of passage B where he states â€Å"Conform too much, and you are toast, deviate too much, and you are toast too. † in context to the school life. We will write a custom essay sample on Aq for Conformity or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is the same with Singapore. Young people of my country must find the perfect balance of conforming and deviating in order to be â€Å"popular†. And that answers the question as to why they conform and deviate. Even within Singapore, different young people may conform and deviate in different ways and in variable degrees. For example, students in a secondary school may find that breaking the rules, â€Å"deviating† in other words, is considered cool but students from a junior college may find conforming more to their style. This is probably due to the mental maturity of the different age groups. In secondary school, students are still young and may not fully comprehend the consequences of their actions or maybe even be given rose coloured glasses by their peer (peer pressure), whereas in JC, the students have matured greatly from their secondary school days and understand the consequences they have to face in breaking a rule. However, we also have to consider what kind of circles the young people come from. Some young people may come from more shady backgrounds, and they may break more rules (of both society and school) than normal, but to them, or perhaps, to their social circle, it may be a form of conforming. It isn’t their fault as they have been brought up or have been exposed to such an environment at a early age. To them, it is the norm. they do not know how else to act except to deviate. Even within that circle, there may be some limits to the kind of rules or how many you can break. This is also illustrated by Suematsu who states â€Å"We all conform to some standard one way or another†¦ this collective standard can vary even within a society. † It is also seen in the undercurrents of Heath and Potter’s work where they state â€Å"they do place limits.. † which states that even with deviation, there is a limit to what you can do. As Heath and Potter argue, the conformity will not destroy individuality. Which is probably why most young people in my country tend to deviate less (in terms of society and rules). Even with our uniform, most of the young people do not bother to accessorize or alter our uniform (except maybe the length) too much. It is, in our perspective, a uniform, and therefore, is not an accurate representation of our true selves. We tend not to bother too much about showing off our individuality, saving that for when the weekend comes or when we go out. As Suematsu states â€Å"the conclusion that limited means of expression equals limited expressions of individuality which may be wrong. † Besides, â€Å"students have a thousand and one ways to modify a school uniform†, which is also another reason why students conform to wearing the uniform, though they deviate a little by maybe, shortening the skirt a little too short, or wearing pretty hair accessories. It is probably also true that many young people of my country may fuss a little too much over details such as hair, makeup or attire (more often lately). When we go out, it is important to look our best in order to portray our individuality (this is the same for many other countries). Even so, be it our moral compass, or our parents or even the society, young people still conform to a certain type of limit set by above mentioned factors, though deviating. This is the so-called golden balance that Suematsu mentions. How to cite Aq for Conformity, Papers

Npv of Ocean Carriers free essay sample

After considering alternative investment opportunities and risk mitigation strategies it was found that it is a good opportunity to invest in commissioning of new ship, provided the Ship is registered in HK instead of NY. The analysis carried out based on certain assumptions, limitations and approach adopted are described in sections below throughout this document. 1. 2 Scope The scope of this study is based on the available information extracted from the case study â€Å"Ocean Carriers 9-202-027, Rev. April 18, 2002† and the guidelines provided by Dr. Fitzsimmons in enabling us to make acceptable assumptions. Project investment decision is based on the NPV of the project carried out based on these assumptions, limitations described in sections below and available data from case study. 1. 3 Assumptions The table below lists all the assumptions that have been made in order to carry out the NPV analysis. A1. For all practical purposes 365 days in a year is considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Npv of Ocean Carriers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus Leap year concept is not used. A2. 16 days of ship maintenance is considered for Ship older than 10 years until 25 years. A3. For ship is registered in HK the taxes on Profits is Zero. Whereas ship registered in New York the tax applicable on profits is 35%. A4. A discount rate of 9% is used to calculate PV in both cases, i. e. , ship is registered in US or HK A5. As mentioned in the case study the expected rate of inflation is 3% A6. The capital expenditure for the period at the end (i. e. , case_1 for 25th year or case2 for 15th year) would not be done as at the end of this period the ship would be scrapped or sold in second hand market. A7. The working capital would be all liquidated and OCI will be able to realize the total value. A8. The given Salvage value at end of 15th year ($5millions), is retained same until year 25th year based on the assumption that due to additional wear and tear of the ship for 10 more years (=25-15). Hence the FV of the Salvage value at end of 25th year by the percentage of Inflation (3%) is not estimated, as this consideration will increase the salvage value at end of 25th year. A9. Ship is delivered in beginning of year 2003 and the leasing of ship starts immediately. A10. Daily operational costs are estimated 1% above the 3% Inflation rate mentioned in the case study. A11.

Thirteen Rules of Basketball - James Naismith

Thirteen Rules of Basketball - James Naismith Basketball is an original American game invented by Dr. James Naismith in 1891. He designed it with rules of its own. These are the rules published in January 1892 in the school newspaper where he instituted the game. The rules set out a game that is a non-contact sport played indoors. They are familiar enough that those who enjoy basketball over 100 years later will recognize it as the same sport. While there are other, newer rules, these still form the heart of the game. Original 13 Rules of Basketball by James Naismith 1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.Current rule: This is still a current rule, except that now the team isnt allowed to pass it back over the midcourt line once they have taken it over that line. 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands, but never with the fist.Current rule: This is still a current rule. 3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man running at good speed.Current rule: Players can dribble the ball with one hand as they run or pass, but they cant run with the ball when catching a pass. 4.  The ball must be held by the hands. The arms or body must not be used for holding it.Current rule: Still applies, it would be a traveling violation. 5.  No shouldering, holding, pushing, striking or tripping in any way of an opponent. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall count as a foul; the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game. No substitution shall be allowed.Current rule: These actions are fouls and a player may be disqualified with five or six fouls or get an ejection or suspension with a flagrant foul. 6.  A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violations of Rules 3 and 4 and such as described in Rule 5.Current rule: Still applies. 7.  If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count as a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the meantime making a foul).Current rule: Instead of an automatic goal, sufficient team fouls (five in a quarter for NBA play) now award bonus free throws attempts to the opposing team. 8.  A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do no touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal.Current rule: In the original game, the basket was a basket and not a hoop with a net. This rule evolved into the goaltending and defense pass interference rules. Defenders cant touch the rim of the hoop once the ball has been shot. 9.  When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field and played by the first person touching it. In case of dispute the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds. If he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on them.Current rule: The ball is now thrown in by a player from the opposite team of the player who last touched it before it went out of bounds. The 5-second rule is still operative. 10. The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have the power to disqualify men according to Rule 5.Current rule: In NBA basketball, there are three referees. 11.  The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals, with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee.Current rule: Timekeepers and scorekeepers now do some of these tasks, while the referee determines ball possession. 12. The time shall be two fifteen-minute halves, with five minutes rest between.Current rule: This varies by the level of play, such as high school and collegiate. In the NBA, there are four quarters, each 12 minutes long, with a 15-minute halftime break. 13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner.  Current: The winner is now decided by points. In the NBA, five-minute overtime periods are played in case of a tie at the end of the fourth quarter, with the point total at the end determining the winner. If still tied, they play another overtime period. More: The History of Basketball and Dr. James Naismith

Cytoplasm - Definition and Function

Cytoplasm - Definition and Function Cytoplasm consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell. It is clear in color and has a gel-like appearance. Cytoplasm is composed mainly of water but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules. Cytoplasm Functions The cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules. Many cellular processes also occur in the cytoplasm. Some of these processes include protein synthesis, the first stage of cellular respiration (known as glycolysis), mitosis, and meiosis. In addition, the cytoplasm helps to move materials, such as hormones, around the cell and also dissolves cellular waste. Divisions The cytoplasm can be divided into two primary parts: the endoplasm (endo-,-plasm) and ectoplasm (ecto-,-plasm). The endoplasm is the central area of the cytoplasm that contains the organelles. The ectoplasm is the more gel-like peripheral portion of the cytoplasm of a cell. Components Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaeans, do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. In these cells, the cytoplasm consists of all of the contents of the cell inside the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, such as plant and animal cells, the cytoplasm consists of three main components. They are the cytosol, organelles, and various particles and granules called cytoplasmic inclusions. Cytosol: The cytosol is the semis of organelles include mitochondria, ribosomes, nucleus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Also located within the cytoplasm is the cytoskeleton, a network of fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and provide support for organelles.Cytoplasmic Inclusions: Cytoplasmic inclusions are particles that are temporarily suspended in the cytoplasm. Inclusions consist of macromolecules and granules. Three types of inclusions found in the cytoplasm are secretory inclusions, nutritive inclusions, and pigment granules. Examples of secretory inclusions are proteins, enzymes, and acids. Glycogen (glucose storage molecule) and lipids are examples of nutritive inclusions. Melanin found in skin cells is an example of a pigment granule inclusion. Cytoplasmic Streaming Cytoplasmic streaming, or cyclosis, is a process by which substances are circulated within a cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs in a number of cell types including plant cells, amoeba, protozoa, and fungi. Cytoplasmic movement may be influenced by several factors including the presence of certain chemicals, hormones, or changes in light or temperature. Plants employ cyclosis to shuttle chloroplasts to areas receiving the most available sunlight. Chloroplasts are the plant organelles responsible for photosynthesis and require light for the process. In protists, such as amoeba and slime molds, cytoplasmic streaming is used for locomotion. Temporary extensions of the cytoplasm known as pseudopodia are generated that are valuable for movement and capturing food. Cytoplasmic streaming is also required for cell division as the cytoplasm must be distributed among daughter cells formed in mitosis and meiosis. Cell Membrane The cell membrane or plasma membrane is the structure that keeps cytoplasm from spilling out of a cell. This membrane is composed of phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer that separates the contents of a cell from the extracellular fluid. The lipid bilayer is semi-permeable, meaning that only certain molecules are able to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell. Extracellular fluid, proteins, lipids, and other molecules may be added to a cells cytoplasm by endocytosis. In this process, molecules and extracellular fluid are internalized as the membrane turns inward forming a vesicle. The vesicle encloses the fluid and molecules and buds off from the cell membrane forming an endosome. The endosome moves within the cell to deliver its contents to their appropriate destinations. Substances are removed from the cytoplasm by exocytosis. In this process, vesicles budding from Golgi bodies fuse with the cell membrane expelling their contents from the cell. The cell membrane also provides structural support for a cell by serving as a stable platform for the attachment of the cytoskeleton and cell wall (in plants). Sources: â€Å"Cytoplasmic inclusions.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cytoplasmic inclusions. â€Å"Ectoplasm.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ectoplasm.â€Å"Endoplasm.† The Free Dictionary, Farlex, medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/endoplasm.Goldstein, Raymond E., and Jan-Willem van de Meent. â€Å"A physical perspective on cytoplasmic streaming.† Interface Focus, The Royal Society, 6 Aug. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590424/.

Asian philosphy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Asian philosphy - Article Example The first major problem that generally applies to most Indian translations such as Yoga Sutra is the absence of moral significance particularly due to the western domination. On the other hand, the second major problem with the current translation is specific to Yoga Sutra and is largely attributed to the failure to make clear distinctions between Yoga and other Indian school of philosophies such as Advaita Vedanta and Sankhya. Ranganathan The new translation of Yoga Sutra not only elaborates the moral and philosophical insights of Patanjali’s philosophy but also lays bare its originality within the context of tradition (Ranganathan 26). In my view this is has been particularly achieved through increased sensitivity to translation theory as well as paying more attention to the theoretical nature of the moral of â€Å"Tharma† In my view, although Yoga primarily stands for meditation of the mind, the contemporary parlance has shifted its reference to include the philosophical aspects of the tradition. Some of the Patanjali’s non Yoga historical sources include Buddhism, Judaism, Sankhya and Jainism. However, Patanjali is closely associated with Sankhya tradition more than any other philosophy schools. Lastly, the originality of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra philosophy is particularly evidenced by the way he has effectively blended and synthesized the various traditions he has drawn

Green benefits of ITS - PRESENTATION Research Paper

Green benefits of ITS - PRESENTATION - Research Paper Example he reduction of emissions but also to the financial support of the communities (Institute for Sustainable Communities, 2010, p.1); however, in the case of failure ITS could cause severe financial losses depending on the size of the relevant plan (Tignor et al. 1999) The studies used in this research paper are based on data of different type, depending on the mode of research employed in each case. High emphasis is given to reports published by governmental and non-governmental organizations operating in this area as these bodies are most likely to have access to critical data in regard to this subject. The advantage of these studies/ reports is that they refer to actual aspects, i.e. forms, benefits and problems, of ITS; in this way, it is easier to check the current performance but also the future risks of these systems. The benefits achieved in Syracuse through the update of the city’s signaling system are, all, related to sustainability (Halkias and Schauer 2004). The specific system is based on a computer application, appropriately tuned for covering the city’s needs in terms of transportation while fuel consumption is kept at low levels, as possible. It should be noted that the above system has been evaluated after 3 years of its establishment, a fact that denotes the need for a particular period of time before checking the effectiveness of such systems. In a study developed by the US Department of Transportation in 2013 the benefits of Automated Signal Systems were explored. The key benefits of these systems are those presented in slide 6. Among these benefits the most important seems to be the following: a) delays due to signaling problems, which represent the 10% of traffic delays, have been decreased, b) travel time can significantly increased in case of problematic signal systems; with automated signal systems the travel time can be reduced even by 10% (US Department of Transportation 2013). It should be noted that the increase of average speed, a

Decision support systems

Decision support systems Abstract Nowadays, Decision Support Systems has a significant role in almost all areas of life. These systems go further and use new technologies like data mining and knowledge and data discovery (KDD) to improve and facilitate human decision making. First of all we provide some definitions about decision making, models and processes. Afterwards, we discuss about knowledge and data discovery and also, Intelligent decision support systems. At last, as an empirical survey, we compare two different cultures in using decision making support systems. One of them uses decision support system in clinical environment to improve the decision making and reduce crucial errors significantly; while the other uses the traditional system and relies on the human memory and experience rather than using decision support systems. Keywords: Decision Making, Decision Support, Knowledge and Data Discovery (KDD), Intelligent Decision Support Systems Introduction Information system has a significant role in supporting decision making, and in some special environments like business, health and education, gets the mandatory part. Moreover, such systems go further and use data mining and knowledge and data discovery (KDD) techniques to improve their abilities in supporting decision making. One of the environments that need information systems support for making crucial decisions and have direct effect on human life is clinical and health environment. We are going to look through the effect of decision support system in it. Decision Making Decisions and models Decision making is undeniably an essential and vital part of the human life. A decision problem may consist of numerous smaller decisions inter-related together, and the results of multiple decisions can be consolidated together; or one decision can influence another subsequent one. This influence can be fed as the input to a subsequent decision, or as a decisional choice for the users in determining which decision to make subsequently. This bigger decision, and its smaller decisions embedded within, must be represented in a simple manner for decision makers to read, understand, and communicate with. Each decision can be represented in the form of a model, to represent, describe and depict the decision problem and its interaction under consideration, whether it is simply an abstraction schema, insights to the decisions rather than mere numbers actual model instance, or executable computer program module. Each decision model can be a permanent modeling scenario which can be retrieved and included as part of a bigger scenario. Alternatively, it can be a temporary modeling scenario that is aggregated or pipelined within a bigger scenario. Such model integration treatments are subject to the discretion of users at the time of making such decisions. Even though each of these decisions may have a direct or indirect bearing on other subsequent decisions and can easily influence the overall decision and conclusion, many decision making processes and systems treat these decisions as independent and unrelated. This obscures the users from seeing and discovering the true effects and influen ce of the decision problem and its interaction under consideration, whether they are interrelated and/or interdependent. The element of interdependence may not be discovered until the full picture can be seen and assessed. Even though many decisions do occur in a sequential fashion, there are also many decisions that occur in parallel, evolve over time and converge to a concluding decision, or eventually combine or are interwoven into a final decision. Therefore, the decision making process should neither be fixed nor predetermined beforehand so that the execution order can be created as required. Hence, modeling is an important process in understanding, capturing, representing, and solving these decision models especially in terms of their interrelatedness across multiple models and their instances over a period of time. Furthermore such models should ideally be able to capture functional, behavioral, organizational, and informational perspectives. Decision systems are intended to assist users in making a decision. There are several types of users involved in using decision systems and these users progress as they develop more confidence: from inexperienced/na?ve decision makers, to average decision makers/ analysts, to experienced decision makers/modelers. Each type of user has different needs and should not be restricted by the constraints of any decision system that dictates the steps and techniques behind analyzing and solving a decision problem. Some users may need more decisional and/or system usage guidance while others may prefer to have minimal guidance. Some may wish the decision system will take care of the entire decision making process including prescribing the order in which each set of data is requested as well as the order in which each decision model is executed; while others may wish to intervene to a greater extent in designing the entire decision making process and the execution order to suit, or to a lesser extent in specifying a particular solution method. There are a variety of reasons as to why a human intervention is warranted and needed from the perspective of an experienced user. However, it is interesting to note that the type of guidance may have an adverse effect on decision model selection and ultimately the decision outcome. It is unreasonable and impractical to expect decision makers to operate a different decision making system for each decision and to comprehend the full effects of the consolidation and integration from these decisions. A decision making process is not necessarily about concentrating on the decision itself, but should emphasize the ways in which decisions are made. Therefore, users should be able to choose an optimizing approach and solution as well as a satisfying approach and solution, and not be limited to only one approach and solution that is traditionally incorporated in decision systems. Due to the frequency and complexity of interrelated decisions, some users may recall an existing scenario as input to another scenario, or recall several existing scenarios for comparative purposes. Decision systems need to be built in a flexible way so that decision models and components can be easily assembled and/or integrated together to create new scenarios and specific scenarios can be built and tailored to meet the needs of particular user groups. With all these issues in mind, the framework and architecture of an ideal decision system should have independent components that enable components to be easily assembled and integrated together to form a decision scenario. They should be flexible enough to serves various types of users and accommodate various types of decision making processes. They should also be sufficiently versatile to handle decision problems regardless of paradigms and/or domains under consideration. Good decision making frameworks must therefore be in place f or system framework and architecture to exhibit modeling flexibility, component independence, and versatility in domain and/or paradigm. To overcome the issues and fulfill the requirements discussed above, we first propose a converging decision analysis process, an optimizing?satisfying decision model, and a cyclical modeling lifecycle. Normative decision making processes Decisions can evolve and converge into a concluding decision over time. This can occur within re-evaluating a decision problem, or evaluating across multiple decision problems that are similar. This iterative decision making process is known as the convergence process. As decisions evolve and refine over time, decision makers are able to concentrate on essential factors and eliminate nonessential ones in order to narrow down the scope of the decision problem. Such attention-focused method provides a cut down version of the problem. A decision is subsequently made from these remaining factors of the reduced problem. Such decision-focused method provides an actionable result from the given problem. Since there can be many decisions within a decision problem, several iterations of attention-focused and decision-focused methods are applied while intermediate decisions within the decision problem are made and converged. Such revision and refinement occur irrespective of paradigms and doma ins. This notion of applying the attention focused and decision-focused methods within a convergence decision making process are depicted in Figure 1. Figure 1. Converging decision analysis, as in an 1D-CSP scenario One-Dimensional Cutting Stock Problem (1D-CSP) was used for illustrative purposes in order to design and implement the proposed framework and architecture. 1D-CSP is about cutting strips of raw material into desired sizes according to customer order widths. We often do not have unlimited supplies of raw materials and would therefore need to formulate and decide on which cutting patterns are used. 1D-CSP is a resource management problem with a traditional goal of minimizing wastage. Besides wastage, there may be other objectives that must be considered. For example, minimize machine setups through the changing of cutting knives, minimize machine setups through reducing the number of cutting patterns used, or minimize the number of disruption in the sequence of cutting patterns used. Even though 1D-CSP is considered to be a simple problem in pure mathematical terms, it becomes a reasonably complex decision problem once one considers all the real world constraints and objectives, and th e interrelated decisions involved within its decision making process. The 1D-CSP can be used as a decision problem to illustrate the converging decision analysis process, as depicted in Figure 1. The first decision is a pattern generation heuristic that generates combinations of cutting patterns. This decision concentrates only on generating those cutting patterns that are relevant to the decision problem under consideration (an attention-focused method). The second decision is determining which cutting patterns among the generated ones should be retained or discarded (a decision-focused method). This can be based on specific rules such as an allowable number of cutting knives per cutting pattern. It can also be based on the decision makers personal experience on whether certain cutting patterns should be discarded. The third decision is the creation of linear programming constraints that identifies the feasible area of the problem under consideration (an attention-focused method), while the fourth decision is finding an optimal point within the feasib le area (a decision-focused method). Neither of the focused methods has to produce an optimal or a satisfying solution necessarily. It is entirely up to the decision maker to decide on what sort of solution is desired at the time. Each decision and solution can be encompassed within a decision model that consists of both the optimizing model and satisfying model, as depicted in Figure 2. In a decision problem that consists of multiple interrelated decisions, the result from one model may be fed into another model continuously until an ultimate result is reached, and the result from a model can take on a different solution option. Each decision model may return to itself for refinement, or return to the previous model for additional processing, or feed to the next model for further processing. This return may be due to an infeasible solution, or a better understanding of the model which eventually leads to a change in the parameters of the model. The 1D-CSP can be used to illustrate the optimizing?satisfying decision model, as depicted in Figure 2. The first decision model pattern generation heuristic is a satisfying model that produces only those cutting patterns that are relevant and desirable to the decision problem under consideration. The second decision model is also a satisfying model in selecting or deselecting among the cutting patterns already produced. The third and fourth decision models are optimizing models that optimize using the linear programmings simplex method. Figure 2. Optimizing?satisfying decision model Decision modeling lifecycle The approach of Simon to the decision making process in terms of intelligence, design, and choice is very decision-oriented. However, as Glob has suggested it is about the way in which we model the decision. Therefore, we propose to integrate Simons proposal with MS/ORs modeling proposals that attempt to support every phase and aspects of decisions and modeling lifecycle. Such a design approach is crucial to support the modeling and decision environments and ensure that non-predetermined decision making processes and interrelated decisions characteristics can be modeled. This proposed modeling process is cyclical and iterative, and enables continuous adjustment and refinement especially in storing and retrieving decision problems as decision scenarios, as summarized in Figure 3. Despite the fact that the modeling lifecycle progresses step-by-step in a cycle, it can return to any earlier steps and not just the previous one, and can skip some steps in the later iteration if it has already gone through that particular step earlier on. It is however more difficult to represent these possible movements visually in the modelling lifecycle and is therefore not illustrated in Figure 3. The lifecycle is valuable not only from the point of view of modeling the decision itself but especially for highlighting the role of the system components of the decision, whether it is a data, model, solver, or scenario. Once a problem is understood it can be represented in the form of a model which is then instantiated with data and integrated with solvers so that it can be executed. Such a model is especially beneficial if it is storable and retrievable for later use and comparison. Once a model is represented, a solution can be derived through analyzing and investigating as well as comparing with various model instances. The derived solution is then reviewed and validated. If it is considered unsatisfactory such information can be used to modify and reformulate the decision model. Figure 3. Cyclical modeling lifecycle Even though the decision system will progress through the entire modeling lifecycle in producing the end result, it is important to note however that not all users will execute all the steps of the modeling lifecycle. Depending on the competencies of the decision makers and their permissions, they may interact with certain steps in the modeling lifecycle. For example, the inexperienced decision maker may interact with only step 2; the average decision maker may interact with steps 2, 3 and 4; whereas the experienced decision maker may interact with all 6 steps in the modeling lifecycle, as shown and contrasted in Figure 4. This decision modeling lifecycle provides a sound basis for the decision support and modeling framework and architecture. Figure 4. Interaction between 3 types of user groups and the modeling lifecycle Intelligent Decision Support Systems While IDSS (Intelligent Decision Support Systems) have been receiving increasing attention from the DSS research community by incorporating knowledge- based techniques to provide intelligent and active behavior, the state-of-the-art IDSS architecture provides little support for incorporating novel technologies that serve useful DSS information, such as the results from the knowledge and data discovery (KDD) community. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery In recent years, the terms knowledge discovery and data mining (commonly referred to as KDD) have been used synonymously. They both refer to the area of research that draws upon data mining methods from pattern recognition (Tuzhilin, 1993), machine learning (Han et al., 1992) and database (Agrawal et al., 1993, 1994) techniques in the context of vast organizational databases. Conceptually, KDD refers to a multiple step process that can be highly interactive and iterative in the following (Fayyad Uthurusamy, 1995): the selection, cleaning, transformation and projection of data; mining the data to extract patterns and appropriate models; evaluating and interpreting the extracted patterns to decide what constitutes ?knowledge?; consolidating the knowledge, resolving conflicts with previously extracted knowledge; making the knowledge available for use by the interested elements within the system. A number of KDD systems are similar to IADSS data miner agents in spirit and in technique. Such work in designing and implementing practical KDD systems is crucial to our research in the sense that their results provide solid KDD pragmatic technologies ready to be integrated into our IADSS architecture. However, the current state of using KDD techniques for decision support remains in its infancy, as preliminary applications that use exclusively KDD techniques. It is our point of view that such isolated applications have limited scope and capabilities, while future KDD techniques will play an integral role in complex business systems that incorporate a wide range of technologies including intelligent agents, multimedia and hypermedia, distributed systems and computer networks such as the internet, and many others. From a DSS perspective, a simple DSS architecture that consists of a single decision maker with single information source knowledge discovery functionality lacks the ability to deal with complex situations in which multiple decision makers or multiple informatio n sources are involved. Most existing DSSs with data mining and knowledge discovery capability fall into this category. Intelligent Agents The concept of intelligent agents is rapidly becoming an important area of research (Bhargava Branley, 1995; Etzioni Weld, 1994; Khoong, 1995). Informally, intelligent agents can be seen as software agents with intelligent behavior, that is, they are a combination of software agents and intelligent systems. Formally, the term agent is used to denote a software-based computer system that enjoys the following properties (Wooldridge Jennings, 1995): Autonomy: Agents operate without the direct intervention of humans. Co-operatively: Agents co-operate with other agents towards the achievement of certain objectives. Reactivity: Agents perceive their environment and respond in a timely fashion to changes that occur. Pro-activity: Agents do not simply act in response to their environment; they are able to exhibit goal-directed behavior by taking the initiative. Mobility: Agents are able to travel through computer networks. An agent on one computer may create another agent on another computer for execution. Agents may also transport from computer to computer during execution and may carry accumulated knowledge and data with them. Furthermore, there has been a rapid growth in attention paid to developing and deploying intelligent agent-based systems to tackle real world problems by taking advantage of the intelligent, autonomous and active nature of this technology (Wang Wang, 1996). Intelligent Decision Support Systems Intelligent decision support systems (Chi Turban, 1995; Holtzman, 1989), incorporating knowledge-based methodology, are designed to aid the decision-making process through a set of recommendations reflecting domain expertise. Clearly, the knowledge-based methodology provides useful features for the application of domain knowledge in decision making. However, the knowledge stored in the knowledge bases is highly domain-oriented and relatively small changes in the problem domain require extensive intervention by the expert. Powerful information communication channels, such as the internet (information superhighway), are continuously changing the decision making process. When decision makers make decisions they not only rely on brittle domain knowledge but also on other relevant information from all over the world. As a result, the challenge of discovering and incorporating new knowledge with existing ones requires us to introduce new techniques (such as intelligent agents and knowledg e discovery) into DSSs. Research into IDSS includes the work by Rao et al. (1994), who presented an intelligent decision support system architecture, IDSS, that stresses active involvement of computer systems in decision making, on the other hand, the work by Sycara at CMU LEI (Laboratory for Enterprise Integration) proposed the PERSUADER (Sycara, 1993), which incorporates machine learning for intelligent support of conflict resolution and the work on NEST which incorporates distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) with group decision support systems by Fox and Shaw (Shaw Fox, 1993). The proposed IDSS architecture is similar in substance to our proposed IADSS, which incorporates distributed artificial intelligence and incorporates the principles of co-operative distributed problem solving in the decision-making process. However, as we have pointed out above, it is necessary for the incorporation of data mining technology which extracts important information from vast amounts of or ganizational data sources in order to provide additional information that may be crucial for the decision-making process. IADSS architectural configuration As we have pointed out in our introduction, there exist numerous obstacles that remain to be overcome in today?s DSSs to fully achieve the vision of IADSS. The integration of intelligent agents with DSSs will be able to address most, if not all, of the articulated issues. However, even within the application of an intelligent agent-based architecture, there exist two different forms (or configurations) of the decision-making process that the particular architecture will be able support: Single decision maker-multiple miners and multiple decision makers-multiple miners. Single Decision Maker-Multiple Miner DSS Processes We have argued in the previous section that a possible configuration of IADSS architecture, namely the single decision maker-single miner form, has severe limitations when it comes to extendibility and the ability to be integrated into an overall organizational decision support framework. However, in many real life cases, the single decision maker situation is still of importance. In today?s organization, there may exist a myriad of organizational information sources on which useful data relationships and patterns may be discovered to support the singular decision maker?s decision process. As a result, the IADSS configuration of a single decision maker with multiple data miners warrants attention and analysis. Under IADSS, the architecture of such a single decision maker, multiple knowledge miners assisted DSS is shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. Multi-Agent-based DSS Figure 6. A Multi-Agent-Based GDSS There are three classes of intelligent agents (we call them decision support agents or DS agents) contained within this architecture: Knowledge miners that discover hidden data relations in information sources, user assistants that act as the intelligent interface agents between the decision maker and the IADSS and a knowledge manager with repository support that provides system co-ordination and facilitates knowledge communication. Further details about the functionality and internal structure about each type of agent is elaborated in the next section. Multiple Decision Maker-Multiple Miner-Assisted GDSS Process The single decision maker configuration discussed above can be easily extended into a group decision support system (GDSS) architecture (as seen in Figure 6. by the introduction of additional user assistants for each additional decision maker). Compared to the single decision maker configuration in Figure 5, each user assistant agent is further augmented to provide support for group-based communication between different decision makers. It is important to observe that with the introduction of each additional DS agent; only an extra knowledge communication channel between the new DS agent and the knowledge manager is needed. This enables a manageable linear increase in the number of knowledge communication links corresponding to the increase in the number of agents in the IADSS system, rather than the quadratic increase in the number of direct communication links in a direct agent-to-agent fashion. Furthermore, our proposed IADSS is an open architecture with potential for the integration of future technologies by the incorporation of additional classes of intelligent agents. IADSS architecture at a glance Intelligent Decision Support Agents As described above, there are three types of intelligent agents in an IADSS system: Knowledge miners, user assistants and knowledge managers. This section will provide a more detailed description of such agents and their internal architectures. Knowledge Miners. The role of knowledge miners in IADSS is to actively discover patterns or models about a particular topic which provides support in the decision-making process. There are four components in a knowledge miner. The IADSS interface component manages the communication between the miner and the knowledge manager. When a knowledge miner receives messages that are represented in a common representation, the IADSS interface translates these messages into the local format based on the common vocabulary. On the other hand, when the knowledge miner sends messages out, the IADSS interface translates them into common format first, then sends them to the knowledge manager. In order to carry out the mining task, the necessary control knowledge as well as domain knowledge is kept in the knowledge base component, while the data interface component serves as a gateway to the external information sources. The knowledge discovery is usually done by discovering special patterns of the d ata, i.e. by clustering together data that share certain common properties. For instance, a knowledge miner may find that within this week, a number of stocks are going up. There are two different types of knowledge mining agents, event-driven knowledge miners and tusk-driven knowledge miners. The event-driven knowledge miners are agents that are invisible to the decision makers, and their results may contribute towards the decision-making process. Based on the specification of the IADSS, such event-driven knowledge miners start when the IADSS starts up. When a particular event comes, an agent will start its knowledge mining. Events may be temporal events, e.g. every day at 1 a.m., every hour, etc. Or, events may be constraint-triggered events, e.g. every 10,000 customers, when a certain type of customer reaches lo%, etc. Usually, such event-driven knowledge miners work periodically. They follow a sleep-work-sleep-work cycle and will be destroyed when the entire IADSS system termina tes. On the other hand, task-driven knowledge miners are created for particular data mining tasks based on requests originated by the decision makers. After a knowledge miner completes its task, it sends the mining results to the knowledge manager and is then terminated automatically. From the view point of decision support, knowledge miners play the role of information extractors which discover hidden relationships, dependencies and patterns within the database, whether the information is discovered by an event-driven knowledge miner or a task-driven knowledge miner, which may be utilized as evidence by decision makers within the GDM process. User Assistants. Interaction between a particular decision maker and the IADSS is accomplished through a user assistant agent. The architecture of a user assistant contains four components. The multimedia user interface component manages the interactions with the decision maker such as accepting requests for a task-driven knowledge miner, while the IADSS interface manages the knowledge communication with the knowledge manager. The necessary knowledge such as the common vocabulary, decision history and others are kept in a local knowledge base component. All three components are controlled by an operational component that provides the facility of differencing, multimedia presentation and collaboration. With regard to the role the user assistant plays in the decision process, it enables the decision maker to view the current state of the decision process and to convey his or her own opinions and arguments to the rest of the decision making group. It also enables the decision maker to i ssue requests for task-driven knowledge miners to attempt to discover some particular type of organizational knowledge from business data. The user assistant will then relay the request to the knowledge manager and interpret the mining result if it is deemed appropriate. Knowledge Manager: The knowledge manager provides management and co-ordination control functions over all the agents in the IADSS architecture. The internal component-wide architecture of the knowledge contains four Components: The decision maker interface, the operational facilities, the miner interface and the agent knowledge base that provides support for localized reasoning. From the functional standpoint, the knowledge manager provides the following functionality in the IADSS architecture: Makes decisions concerning the creation and termination of knowledge miners as provided by the miner interface component of the knowledge manager. Mediates requests from user assistants through the decision maker interface, analyzes these requests through the localized knowledge and inference engine and then initiates an appropriate group of task-driven knowledge miners to collaboratively perform the requested task through the miner interface. Mediates the discovered knowledge from knowledge miners (whether it is an event-driven or a task-driven miner), stores the knowledge into the repository for possible future usage and forwards the relevant knowledge to interested decision maker users through the decision-maker interface. Manages and co-ordinates the knowledge transactions with each individual decision support agent such as common vocabulary, available decision topics, existing mining results and strategic knowledge, as provided by the operational facilities component. Manages the synchronization between the collection of decision support agents such as the progress of the task-driven knowledge miners and the notification of the decision makers when crucial knowledge is discovered. Mediates all other types of communication among decision support agents including the communication among user assistants and supports the retrieval of appropriate evidence from the repository by user assistants. In terms of the decision support process, the knowledge manager plays the role of manager and mediator between two decision makers, between the decision maker and the corresponding task-driven miners and between all decision support agents and the repository to address the issue of knowledge sharing. Current prescription process at the hospital The prescription process is shown in Figure 7. This description is based on interviews (questions 1?3 in the interview guideline, Appendix A) and observations by the first author. Figure 7. Current prescription process in the Ekbatan and Boras Hospital (UML activity diagram) The process starts as the physician in charge takes the patients history, performs physical examinations, and reviews available medical documents, including progress notes, laboratory findings, and imaging. These data sources guide the physician(s) to a set of differential diagnoses or a definitive diagnosis, which help the prescriber(s) to select appropriate treatment for the patient. The prescriber will then register medical records

No Promises in the Wind

Irene Hunt is a prominent American writer who wrote primarily for children's and young adult audience. The remarkable feature of her style of writing is a presence of historical details which help to create a unique atmosphere of her works. Hunt represents a historical fiction genre. I. Hunt was born in Illinois in 1907, in the family of Sarah and Franklin Hunt (Biography: Hunt Irena, n. d. ). When her father died, she was a seven-year old girl. The family moved to a farm where she spent the rest of her childhood.Her grandfather’s tails about the Civil war period had a great influence on a child’s imagination and, probably, influenced her style of writing. In 1939, I. Hunt graduated the University of Illinois, and in 1946, she received her Master degree in the University of Minnesota, and continued her study at the University of Colorado (Biography: Hunt Irena, n. d. ). For 15 years, Hunt worked as a teacher of French and English in a public school, and then in the Univ ersity of South Dakota where she taught psychology. In 1965, Hunt decided to come back to Illinois where she has spent most of her life.Irene Hunt received many awards including American Notable Book Award and a Newbery Medal. The most interesting fact is that Hunt published her first book in 1964 only, when she was about 57 years old. The first book called â€Å"Across Five Aprils†. The other two books are â€Å"Up a Road Slowly† and â€Å"No Promises in the Wind†. Hunt has a unique style that appeals to children and adults. To convey a message of the stories, Hunt appeals to emotions of readers and their imagination using specific techniques and different stylistics devices (metaphors, comparison, etc).It is possible to say that Hunt is a keen observer of people, historical and war events which is manifested in her style. The most important is that she feels what children need supposing that even â€Å"the troubled child will often receive the message in a go od book that he cannot accept from an adult† (Biography: Hunt Irena, n. d. ). In the book â€Å"No Promises in the Wind†, Hunt depicts the period of the Great Depression and struggle of population to survive. The main characters of the book, Joey and Josh, are two brothers who leave their home in Chicago looking for better life.The narrator, Josh, tells that: â€Å"the year 1932 was not good one in which to be fifteen years old and in close quarters with a hopeless father† (Hunt, p. 4). Feels that his father does not love him and understanding that there is no enough food for the whole family, he starts his journey with his friend Howie and little brother Joey. Great love to music is the main thing which joins Howie and Josh. Two friends decided Howie could play his banjo to earn for leaving, while Josh is looking for a job.During their journey, they are faced with casualties of life suffering form the lost of their friend, Howie. The most impressive thing in the story is their struggle for existence and food. Hunt depicts that a hunger was the most terrible thing for people during recession. In this novel, she portrays the futility of sufferings of people who are still alive, but know that hunger is â€Å"around the corner†. The message of this story is that fight is senseless bringing only grief and constant tension. Then, the brothers meet a man, Lonnie, who helps them to find a job and earn for leaving.Suddenly, Josh becomes sick, and someone who found Lonnie’ address in his pocket brought Josh to Lonnie. For a long time, they cannot find Joey, and when Joey appears the brothers decide to back home. The story appeals to me very much depicting very interesting and discrepant historical period. I like the characters of the story who are courageous enough to escape from home and start new life. In spite of all the negative life lessons two brothers understand what it is to be an individual, because it is the only way for them to survive during Depression.At the end of the story, Hunt creates a strict ethical code which functions as the defense against the overwhelming chaos of economic instability. This book is very impressive depicting real life situations and struggle for survival. Hunt depicts growing-up of the boys during the depression period and described events which caused their maturing. References 1. â€Å"Biography: Hunt Irena†. Educational Paperback Association. (N. d). Available at: http://www. edupaperback. org/showauth. cfm? authid=82 2. Hunt, I. (2002). No Promises in the Wind. Berkley.

Indias National Stock Exchange - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2086 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER-2 INDUSTRY AND COMPANY PROFILE Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Indias National Stock Exchange" essay for you Create order 2.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE Indian financial market consists of two markets i.e., money market and capital market. Money market is mainly to meet the short-term needs and capital market for long term needs. 2.1.1 CAPTAL MARKET AND ITS STRUCTURE Capital market is a financial market, which provides and facilitates an orderly exchange of long term needs. The capital market in India is classified into 1. Primary market 2. Secondary market The primary market deals with the issue of new long term securities. Where as the secondary market deals with buying and selling of old or existing securities, which are already listed in the official trading list of recognized stock exchange. Players of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"New Issue Marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are, among them the most important players are: Merchant bankers. Registrars. Collecting and coordinating bankers. Underwriters and broker. 2.1.2 ABOUT NSE The National Stock Exchange is Indias leading stock exchange. National Stock Exchange was set up by the leading institutions to provide a fully automated screen-based trading system. The Stock Exchange has brought transparency, efficiency, safety and market integrity. The set up facilitates as a model to serve securities industry in terms of systems, practices and procedures. NSE has played a catalytic role in reforming Indian securities market in terms of microstructure, market practices and trading volumes. Today the market uses information technology to provide transparent and efficient trading, clearing and settlement mechanism, and has several innovations in products services such as screen based trading, compression of settlement cycles, dematerialization and electronic transfer of securities, securities lending and borrowing, professionalization of trading members, market of debt and derivative instruments. The NSE of India Limited has created a report on the Establishment of New Stock Exchanges, which recommended a promotion of National Stock Exchange (NSE) by financial institutions to provide access to investors all over the country. NSE was promoted by the leading Financial Institutions (FIs) at the directive of the GOI was incorporated in the year 1992 as tax-paying company in the country. Its recognition as a stock exchange (SE) under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 in the year 1993, NSE started its operations in Wholesale Debt Market segment in the year 1994. The Capital Market segment started operations in the year 1994 and Derivatives segment started operations in the year 2000. 2.1.3 MISSION OF NSE NSEs mission is setting the agenda for the change in the securities markets in India. OBJECTIVES OF NSE The main objectives of NSE are: Establishment of a nation wide trading facilities for equities and debt instruments. To ensure and provide equal access to investors all across the country through communication network. To provide efficient and transparent securities market to investors by using e-trading systems. To enable book entry settlements systems, shorter settlement cycles, and NSE meeting the current international standards of securities market. The standards that are set by the NSE in terms of market practices has now become industry benchmarks and is also being practiced by other market participants. It is that force which guides the industry towards new horizons and great opportunities. 2.1.4 PROMOTERS NSE has been promoted by leading banks, financial institutions, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries: Industrial Finance Corporation of India Limited. Industrial Development Bank of India Limited. Life Insurance Corporation of India. State Bank of India. ICICI Bank Limited. Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited. IL FS Trust Company Limited. SBI Capital Markets Limited. Bank of Baroda. Canara Bank. General Insurance Corporation of India. National Insurance Company Limited. The New India Assurance Company Limited. United India Insurance Company Limited. The Oriental Insurance Company Limited. Oriental Bank of Commerce. Punjab National Bank. Indian Bank. Corporation Bank. Union Bank of India. 2.1.5 CORPORATE STRUCTURE NSE is one of the first de-metalized stock exchanges in the country, the ownership and management of the Exchange is completely divorced from the right to trade on it. Though the momentum for its establishment made by the policy makers in the country, it has been set up as a public limited company and owned by the leading institutional investors in the country. NSE has adopted a demutualised exchange in which the ownership, management and trading will be in the hands of three different sets of people. NSE is owned by a set of leading financial institutions, insurance companies, banks and other financial intermediaries and it is managed by professionals, who do not directly or indirectly trade on the Exchange. This method has completely eliminated conflict of interest and helped NSE in pursuing policies and practices within a public interest framework. Its Board comprises of senior executives from promoter institutions, professionals in the fields of law, economics, accountancy, finance, taxation, etc, public representatives, nominees of SEBI and one full time executive of the Exchange. The Board deals with broad policy issues, decisions relating to market operations are delegated by the Board to various committees constituted by it. Such committees include representatives from trading members, professionals, the public and the management. The day-to-day management of the Exchange is delegated to the Managing Director who is supported by a team of professional staff. 2.1.6 COMMITTEES The Exchange has constituted various committees to advise it on areas such as good market practices, risk containment systems, settlement procedures etc. These committees are manned by industry professionals, trading members, Exchange staff as also representatives from the market regulator. Executive Committee. Committee on Trade Related Issues (COTI). Advisory Committee Listing of Securities Executive Committee: Objective: To manage the day-to-day operations of the Exchange Composition. Committee on Trade Related Issues (COTI): Objective: To provide guidance on trade related issues which crop up during the day-to-day functioning of the Exchange Composition. Advisory Committee Listing of Securities: Objective: To advise NSE on The suitability of the Companies for listing on the Exchange within the parameters set out by the listing agreement. To ensure that the applicant company has complied with all the conditions set out in the listing agreement as well as other formalities, SEBI regulations, etc. Systems and procedures to be adopted for listing of securities 2.1.7 ABOUT BSE Bombay Stock Exchange Limited is the oldest stock exchange in Asia. Popularly known as BSE, it was established as The Native Share Stock Brokers Association in 1875. It is the first stock exchange in the country to obtain permanent recognition in the year 1956 from the Government of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.The Exchanges has an important role in the development of the Indian capital market is widely recognized and its index, SENSEX, is tracked worldwide. Earlier an Association of Persons (AOP), the Exchange is now a demutualised and corporatized entity incorporated in the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, pursuant to the BSE (Corporatization and Demutualization) Scheme, 2005 notified by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). With demutualization, the trading rights and ownership rights have been de-linked effectively addressing concerns regarding perceived and real conflicts of interest. The Exchange is professionally managed under the overall direction of the Board of Directors. The Board comprises eminent professionals, representatives of Trading Members and the Managing Director of the Exchange. The Board is inclusive and is designed to benefit from the participation of market intermediaries. In terms of organization structure, the Board formulates larger policy issues and exercises over-all control. The committees constituted by the Board are broad-based. The day-to-day operations of the Exchange are managed by t he Managing Director and a management team of professionals. The Exchange has a nation wide reach with their presence in 417 cities and towns of India. The systems and processes of the Exchange are designed to safeguard market integrity and enhance transparency in operations. During the year 2004-2005, the trading volumes on the Exchange showed robust growth. The BSEs On Line Trading System (BOLT) is a proprietary system of the Exchange and is BS 7799-2-2002 certified. The surveillance and clearing settlement functions of the Exchange are ISO 9001:2000 certified. LISTING OF SECURITIES Listing means admission of the securities to dealings on a recognized stock exchange. The securities may be of any public limited company, Central or State Government, quasigovernmental and other financial institutions/corporations, municipalities, etc. The objectives of listing are mainly to: Provide liquidity to securities. Mobilize savings for economic development. Protect interest of investors by ensuring full disclosures. The Exchange has a separate Listing Department to grant approval for listing of securities of companies in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957, Companies Act, 1956, Guidelines issued by SEBI and Rules, Bye-laws and Regulations of the Exchange. A company intending to have its securities listed on the Exchange has to comply with the listing requirements prescribed by the Exchange. Some of the requirements are as under: 1. Minimum Listing Requirements for new companies. 2. Minimum Requirements for companies delisted by this Exchange seeking relisting of this Exchange. 3. Minimum Requirements for companies delisted by this Exchange seeking relisting of this Exchange. 4. Permission to use the name of the Exchange in an Issuer Companys prospectus. 5. Submission of Letter of Application. 6. Allotment of Securities. 7. Trading Permission. 8. Requirement of 1% Security. 9. Payment of Listing Fees. 10. Compliance with Listing Agreement. 11. Z Group. 12. Cash Management Services (CMS) Collection of Listing Fees. The Cheque should be drawn in favour of Bombay Stock Exchange Limited , and should be payable, locally .Companies are requested to mention in the deposit slip, the financial year(s) for which listing fee is being paid. Payment made through any other slips would not be considered. The above slips will have to be filled in quadruplicate. One acknowledged copy would be provided to the depositor by the HDFC Bank. COMPANY PROFILE AnandRathi is a leading full service securities firm providing the entire geometry of financial services. The firm, founded in 1994 by Mr. AnandRathi, today has a pan India presence as well as an international presence through offices in Dubai and Bangkok. AR provides a breadth of financial and advisory services including wealth management, investment banking, corporate advisory, brokerage distribution of equities, commodities, mutual funds and insurance, structured products all of which are supported by powerful research teams. The firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s philosophy is entirely client centric, with a clear focus on providing long term value to clients, while maintaining the highest standards of excellence, ethics and professionalism. The entire firm activities are divided across distinct client groups: Individuals, Private clients, Corporate and Institutions and was recently ranked by Asia money 2006 poll amongst South Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wealth managers for the ultra-rich. Equity Derivatives Brokerage AnandRathi provides end-to-end equity solutions to institutional and individual investors. Consistent delivery of high quality advice on individual stocks, sectors trends and investment strategy has established us a competent and reliable research unit across the country. AnandRathi Securities Pvt., Ltd., a full service securities firm, provides a range of financial services. It offers brokerage services in equities and commodities, distribution of mutual funds, IPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and insurance products, real estate, investment banking, merger and acquisitions, corporate finance, and corporate advisory. AnandRathi Securities Limited was formerly known as AnandRathi Securities Pvt., Ltd. and changed its name to AnandRathi Securities Limited in 2006. The company was founded in 1994 and is based in Mumbai, India. AR Core Strengths Breadth of Services In line with its client centric philosophy, the firm offers to its clients the entire spectrum of financial services ranging from brokerage services in equities and commodities, distribution of mutual funds, IPOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and insurance products, real estate, investment banking, merger and acquisitions, corporate finance and corporate advisory. Clients deal with a relationship manager who leverages and brings together the product specialists from across the firm to create an optimum solution to the client needs. AR brings together a highly professional core management team that comprises of individuals with extensive business as well as industry experience. In-Depth Research Our research expertise is at the core of the value proposition that we offer to our clients. Research teams across the firm continuously track various markets and products. The aim is however common to go far deeper than others, to deliver incisive insights and ideas and be accountable for results. Management Team Board of Directors AnandRathi, Founder Chairman A gold medalist Chartered Accountant and former President Bombay Stock Exchange. Key Executives of the Birla Group. The driving force behind the setting up of the Birla Groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Cement and Financial Services business among others. And in the setting up of the online trading system and the Central Depository Services Ltd in India. With over 40 years in the industry. Pradeep Gupta,Co-founder Vice chairman Amit Rathi,Managing Director P G Kakodkar,Director Dr. S A DaveDirector C D ArhaDirector Ajit BhushanDirector

Paper on Performance Related Pay

Paper on Performance Related Pay Performance related pay is a way of financially rewarding and acknowledging employees work, either for employees whose work is considered to be above average and to those whose work is presumed to have reached or supersede a required standard. Booth et al (1999) state that performance related pay is usually used when the performance of an employ in terms of output, produce and sales is not easy to measure. Therefore, performance related pay can be looked at as a form or means of incentive pay to the employee who deserve it. As a means of motivating employees, performance related pay is a method of reward, where employees are mainly motivated by cash bonuses, given in special occasions, or where the employees are warded, salary or wage increase. Performance related pay has got numerous advantages because the incentive that is offered can assist in increasing the performance of the staff. This is very evident since for a staff to be rewarded, he/she must have accomplished the goals and objectives as set. These goals can either be, personal goals, team goals or organizational goals, and sometimes, they can be a combination of all of them. In addition, it has been studied by scholars that direct incentive is the best way to motivate employees, hence, as PRP, which is categorized as one of the direct ways of giving a direct incentive to employees; it will help workers to reach the set targets. Another advantage of PRP is its ability to offer tangible reward to an employee. Most workers, as researches have revealed prefer tangible motivation to their contributions, or work that they have done, and as such, PRP stands a better chance of meeting this expectation. Also, it’s been investigated and found that when employees exp ect a reward or a motivation for their work, they tend to develop a unique performance culture which is healthy for achieving an organizations goals and objectives. And since PRP is a well known means of motivation, when used employees develop the kind of expectation which will introduce the performance culture needed for increased employee output, produce or sales. Thus, a good PRP system which is implemented without favors will reward the best performer. Indeed, employees are more likely or are better placed to focus more on the things they need to do or to improve on if they are aware that there will be a reward attached to them, mostly when the reward is attached to pay. Another outstanding advantage of performance related pay to the managers is its ability to establish a well structured way for setting goals which is of great importance to the line managers. And when the line managers derive assistance from such kind of corporate framework they tend to focus objectively to individual employees and as such they help improve the individual productivity and performance. Furthermore, good line managers can use this corporate structure for setting objectives and goals which are key in improving employee performance, thus making PRP one of the best incentive schemes in dealing with poor performance. Lastly, PRP’s structure enables it to reward the high performance and this can help in retaining the best and most industrious employees. One obvious disadvantage of performance related pay is its inability to sustain pay equity, and when not operated well, it can lead to reduction in pay equity, or further still it can make an authority to incur costly pay challenges. Also, the employee performance appraisal process is at risk of bias, since the appraisal may lose focus from developmental needs to financial rewards. Sometimes, the goals that are set for an employee to achieve may be so hard to meet and this can de-motivate such an employee. Another demerit of this kind of incentive is that it relies or depends on the quality of line managers judgment, and this can lead to prejudice or bias in the reward process because there is no standard measure of the performance output. Sometimes this kind of incentive can prevent team work and cooperation since every staff will put much focus on the individual work in order to meet individual goals and targets, thus as an incentive to reward short term quantifiable goals, perform ance related pay may be too narrowly focused. Ultimately, PRP can create expectation of additional pay every year and in a year that inflation crisis befall, the rewards may not be that great. In summary performance related pay is important in motivating and maintaining talented and most industrious employees as well as getting those employees who are not motivated to improve on their productivity(Booth et al, 1999). On the contrary, performance related pay may be disastrous in that it may be a cause of division for employees if they sense that the line manager is treating them with bias, either unfairly or unequally. However, this is not likely to